Also, pupil diameter (pupil dilation response, PDR) increases frequently during cognitive and emotional engagement ( Kahneman and Beatty, 1966 Beatty, 1982), after an alerting or arousing stimulation ( Hess and Polt, 1960 Bradley et al., 2008) and in response to unexpected stimuli ( Friedman et al., 1973). Pupil size alters not only in changing light conditions (so-called pupillary light reflex, PLR) but also in constant luminance condition. There has been a tremendous interest in pupillometry in the recent years as it offers insights into cognitive and emotional processes with a non-invasive approach. However, the quantitative differences in PDRs between species need to be investigated in further comparative studies. Taken together, the present study demonstrates a qualitative similarity between PDRs to unexpected auditory stimuli in macaque and human subjects suggesting that macaques can be a suitable model for investigating the neuronal bases of pupil dilation. The early component is likely associated to the parasympathetic nervous system and the late component to the sympathetic nervous system, respectively. A temporal Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed two components underlying the PDRs in both species.
Most deviants elicited a significant pupil dilation in both species with decreased peak latency and increased peak amplitude in monkeys compared to humans.
We used deviants (a frequency deviant, a pink noise burst, a monkey vocalization and a whistle sound) which differed in the spectral composition and in their ability to induce arousal from the standard. To assess this qualitatively, we used an auditory oddball paradigm in which we presented subjects a sequence of the same sounds followed by occasional deviants while we measured their evoked pupil dilation response (PDR). This analogy is also crucial for the role of non-human primates as an animal model to investigate neural mechanisms underlying the processing of unexpected stimuli and their evoked pupil dilation response. Pupil dilation in response to unexpected stimuli has been well documented in human as well as in non-human primates however, this phenomenon has not been systematically compared between the species. 4Department of Applied Human Sciences, Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.3Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.2Research Group Comparative Neuroscience, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.1Research Group Neurocognitive Development, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.Elena Selezneva 1*, Michael Brosch 2, Sanchit Rathi 2, T.
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